Dates and Names of Scientists mentioned in Ch # 15-20 of FSc

Here is the key for Dates and Names of Scientists mentioned in Ch # 16,19-20. There is no name in Chapter # 15 (Homeostasis), 17 (Coordination and Control), 18 (Reproduction).

Soon, I will also prepare the similar keys for Ch # 6-14 and 21-28. Later, you will be also provided with the key for diseases mentioned in FSc.

Chapter # 16: Support and Movement

Sliding Filament Model

In 1954, H. Huxley and A. F. Huxley and their colleagues suggested this hypothesis.

Chapter # 19: Growth and Development

Growth Correlation

In 1934, Thimann and Skoog performed experiments and showed that apical dominance was caused by inhibitory effect.

Other Experiments:

• In 1892, Hans Driesch performed and experiment on Sea Urchin cell at two-celled stage.
• Spemann performed experiments on Salamander zygote:
  • Neucleated and anucleated halves
  • Gray crescent experiment

Role of Nucleus

Haemmerling performed experiments on Acetabularia.

Concept of Differentiation

Spemann performed experiments on Frog’s embryo.

Embryonic Induction

In 1924, Hans Spemann and Hilde Mangold.

Chapter # 20: Chromosomes & DNA

Discovery of Chromosome

In 1882, by German embryologist, Walther Fleming.

Chromosome Heredity

In 1900, by German geneticist, Karl Correns. It was a rediscovery of Mendel’s work.

The Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

In 1902, by American scientist, Walter Sutton.

Sex Linkage

In 1910, by Thomas Hunt Morgan on Drosophila Melanogaster.

DNA Hereditary nature

Discovered by British microbiologist, Frederick Griffith. He infected mice with virulent strain of streptococcus pneumonia bacteria.

Discovery of Streptococcus

In 1944.

Transforming Principle

Oswald Avery along with Colin Macleod and Maclyn McCarty

Additional evidence

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase. Experimented with bacteriophage T₂.

Discovery of DNA

In 1869, by German Chemist, Friedrich Miescher (4 years after Mendel’s work was published). Also mentioned in Chapter 2.

Basic Structure of Nucleic Acid

In 1920’s, by a Biochemist, P. A. Levene.

Ratio of Bases

Erwin Chargaff. Also mentioned in Chapter 2 (In 1951).

X-Ray Diffraction analysis of DNA

In 1953, by a British Chemist, Rosalind Franklin as a helix structure. Also mentioned in Chapter 2.

Structure of DNA molecule

James Watson and Francis Crick, University of Cambridge, as a double helix structure

3 Hypothesis of DNA Replication

In 1958, by Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl, California Institute of Technology.

Family Inherited Diseases

In 1902, by Archibald Garrod and William Bateson

One Gene / One Enzyme

In 1941, by Geneticists, George Beadle and Edward Tatum, Stanford University. They exposed Neurospora to X-rays and came to the conclusion ONE GENE / ONE ENZYME which has been, presently, changed into ONE GENE / ONE POLYPEPTIDE

DNA encoding of Protein Structure

In 1953, English Biochemist, Frederick Sanger discovered the sequence of amino acids of insulin.

Molecular Basis of Sickle Cell Anemia

In 1956, discovered by Vernon Ingram, Cambridge University.

64 Codons

Marshall Nirenberg, Philip Leader and Har Gobind Khorana, after Crick’s experiment, tested all the 64 codons.

 

Enjoy reading and learning it.

Dates and Name of Scientists mentioned in Ch # 1-5 of FSc

Preparing for examination is always a difficult task but it could be more difficult if the student is without any plan. For the preparation of FSc, I have adopted a few methods. Firstly of all, read the chapter (from the book) and mark the important sentences. Then, re-read it several times. After that, try to make the keys for different things like keys for chapter events, keys of dates and names of scientists and keys for diseases. The key below was prepared by me (from the book of FSc, ch # 1-5) for memorizing the names and dates of a discoveries/works. It is near about one-third of the books.

 

Chapter # 1: Introduction

Vaccination/Immunization

In 1796, Edward Jenner first developed this technique. “Vaccination” is derived from Latin word “vacca” that means cow.

Cloning of Animal

In 1997, scientists in Scotland succeeded in cloning sheep.

Chapter # 2: Biological Molecules

DNA & RNA

In 1869, discovered by F. Miesher from the nuclei of pus cells.

Ratio of Bases

In 1951, Erwin Chargaff provided data about ratios of different bases present in DNA & RNA.

X-Ray Diffraction analysis of DNA

Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin.

Chapter # 3: Enzymes

Lock and Key Model

In 1890, proposed by Emil Fischer.

Induce Fit Model

In 1959, proposed by Koshland. A modified form of lock and key model.

Chapter # 4: The Cell

Discovery of Cell

In 1665, reported by Robert Hooke in his famous publication Micrographia. He discovered while studying thin section of cork. He said, cells were honey comb like compartments.

Lorenz Oken’s statement

In 1805, Lorenz Oken said, “all living beings originate from or consist of vesicles or cells.”

Jean Baptist de-Lamarck’s statement

In 1809, Jean Baptist de-Lamarck said, “no body can have life if its constituent parts are not cellular tissue or are not formed by cellular tissue.”

Presence of Nucleus in Cell

In 1831, discovered by Robert Brown.

Cell Theory

In 1838, German botanist, Schleiden

In 1839, German zoologist, Theodor Schwann

Rudolph Virchow’s statement

In 1855, a German physician, Rudolph Virchow said, “omis cellula e cellula” that means new cells were formed only by the division of previously existing living cells.

Experimental Proof for Virchow’s Hypothesis

In 1862, Louis Pasteur supplied experimental proof for Virchow’s hypothesis.

August Weismann’s statement

In 1880, August Weismann said, “all presently living cells have a common origin.”

Ribosomes

In 1955, Palade was first to study Ribosomes as tiny granular structures.

Golgi Apparatus

In 1898, discovered by Golgi.

Lysosomes

In 1948, De-Duve isolated them as a separate component for first time. Lyso=splitting, soma=body.

Peroxisome

In 1965, De-Duve and coworkers isolated the particles from liver cells and other tissues which were enriched with some oxidative enzymes.

Chapter # 5: Variety of Life

NOMENCLATURE

Classification of all Organisms

During 18th century, a Swedish botanist, Carlous Linnaeus (1707-1778) classified all organisms known to him.

Binominal Nomenclature of Plants

In 1753, Linnaeus published the list of scientific names of plants.

Binomial Nomenclature of Animals

In 1758, Linnaeus published the list of scientific names of animals.

TWO TO FIVE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS

Proposal of Third Kingdom

In 1866, Ernst Hackel proposed a third kingdom protista to accommodate Eugelna like organisms.

Terms “procariotique” and “eu-cariotique”

In 1937, E-Chatton suggested differentiating terms procariotique (from Greek words pro=before, karyon=nucleus), to describe bacteria and blue-green algae, and eu-cariotique (Greek word eu=true) to describe animal and plant cells.

Five Kingdom System

In 1969, proposed by Robert Whittaker.

Modification of Five Kingdom System

In 1988, Lynn Margulis and Karlene Schwartz modified the five kingdom classification of Whittaker by considering cellular organization.

Prokaryotae (Monera), Protoctista (Protista), Plantae, Animalia, Fungi

VIRUS

Usage of term “virus”

The term “virus” was loosely used in the time of Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) and Robert Koch (1843-1910)

Vaccination

In 1796, Edward Jenner first vaccinated an 8 years old boy. (also mentioned in Chapter # 1)

Study of Filterable Agents

In 1884, one of Pasteur’s associates, Charles Chamberland found that bacteria can not pass through porcelain filters while agents responsible for rabies can pass.

In 1882, Ivanowski discovered that agent which caused tobacco mosaic disease was filterable.

Similar filter-passing, ultramicroscopic agents were found in many diseases including foot and mouth diseases (in 1898) and yellow fever (in 1901).

Purification of Filterable Agents

In 1935, Stanley successfully crystalizes the tobacco mosaic virus and the filterable agents were first purified.

Bacteriophages

Discovered independently, in 1915, by Twort and, in 1917, by D’Herelle.

AIDS

Discovery

In early 1980’s, reported by some physicians in young homosexual males.

Causing Agent

In 1984, the agent causing AIDS was identified by research terms from Pasteur Institute, in France, and National Institute of Health, In USA.

HIV

In 1986, the virus was named as HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) and the disease was named as AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome).

Vaccine against HIV

Now, vaccine against HIV has been synthesized and its experimental administration in humans started in early 2001, in South Africa.

Cause of Hepatitis E

In 2001, Halbur and coworkers reveals that pig could be the source of infection of hepatitis E.

 

If any student finds that I have missed any date or name, please inform me in comments and I will update this key.