Preparing for examination is always a difficult task but it could be more difficult if the student is without any plan. For the preparation of FSc, I have adopted a few methods. Firstly of all, read the chapter (from the book) and mark the important sentences. Then, re-read it several times. After that, try to make the keys for different things like keys for chapter events, keys of dates and names of scientists and keys for diseases. The key below was prepared by me (from the book of FSc, ch # 1-5) for memorizing the names and dates of a discoveries/works. It is near about one-third of the books.
Chapter # 1: Introduction
Vaccination/Immunization
In 1796, Edward Jenner first developed this technique. “Vaccination” is derived from Latin word “vacca” that means cow.
Cloning of Animal
In 1997, scientists in Scotland succeeded in cloning sheep.
Chapter # 2: Biological Molecules
DNA & RNA
In 1869, discovered by F. Miesher from the nuclei of pus cells.
Ratio of Bases
In 1951, Erwin Chargaff provided data about ratios of different bases present in DNA & RNA.
X-Ray Diffraction analysis of DNA
Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin.
Chapter # 3: Enzymes
Lock and Key Model
In 1890, proposed by Emil Fischer.
Induce Fit Model
In 1959, proposed by Koshland. A modified form of lock and key model.
Chapter # 4: The Cell
Discovery of Cell
In 1665, reported by Robert Hooke in his famous publication Micrographia. He discovered while studying thin section of cork. He said, cells were honey comb like compartments.
Lorenz Oken’s statement
In 1805, Lorenz Oken said, “all living beings originate from or consist of vesicles or cells.”
Jean Baptist de-Lamarck’s statement
In 1809, Jean Baptist de-Lamarck said, “no body can have life if its constituent parts are not cellular tissue or are not formed by cellular tissue.”
Presence of Nucleus in Cell
In 1831, discovered by Robert Brown.
Cell Theory
In 1838, German botanist, Schleiden
In 1839, German zoologist, Theodor Schwann
Rudolph Virchow’s statement
In 1855, a German physician, Rudolph Virchow said, “omis cellula e cellula” that means new cells were formed only by the division of previously existing living cells.
Experimental Proof for Virchow’s Hypothesis
In 1862, Louis Pasteur supplied experimental proof for Virchow’s hypothesis.
August Weismann’s statement
In 1880, August Weismann said, “all presently living cells have a common origin.”
Ribosomes
In 1955, Palade was first to study Ribosomes as tiny granular structures.
Golgi Apparatus
In 1898, discovered by Golgi.
Lysosomes
In 1948, De-Duve isolated them as a separate component for first time. Lyso=splitting, soma=body.
Peroxisome
In 1965, De-Duve and coworkers isolated the particles from liver cells and other tissues which were enriched with some oxidative enzymes.
Chapter # 5: Variety of Life
NOMENCLATURE
Classification of all Organisms
During 18th century, a Swedish botanist, Carlous Linnaeus (1707-1778) classified all organisms known to him.
Binominal Nomenclature of Plants
In 1753, Linnaeus published the list of scientific names of plants.
Binomial Nomenclature of Animals
In 1758, Linnaeus published the list of scientific names of animals.
TWO TO FIVE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS
Proposal of Third Kingdom
In 1866, Ernst Hackel proposed a third kingdom protista to accommodate Eugelna like organisms.
Terms “procariotique” and “eu-cariotique”
In 1937, E-Chatton suggested differentiating terms procariotique (from Greek words pro=before, karyon=nucleus), to describe bacteria and blue-green algae, and eu-cariotique (Greek word eu=true) to describe animal and plant cells.
Five Kingdom System
In 1969, proposed by Robert Whittaker.
Modification of Five Kingdom System
In 1988, Lynn Margulis and Karlene Schwartz modified the five kingdom classification of Whittaker by considering cellular organization.
Prokaryotae (Monera), Protoctista (Protista), Plantae, Animalia, Fungi
VIRUS
Usage of term “virus”
The term “virus” was loosely used in the time of Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) and Robert Koch (1843-1910)
Vaccination
In 1796, Edward Jenner first vaccinated an 8 years old boy. (also mentioned in Chapter # 1)
Study of Filterable Agents
In 1884, one of Pasteur’s associates, Charles Chamberland found that bacteria can not pass through porcelain filters while agents responsible for rabies can pass.
In 1882, Ivanowski discovered that agent which caused tobacco mosaic disease was filterable.
Similar filter-passing, ultramicroscopic agents were found in many diseases including foot and mouth diseases (in 1898) and yellow fever (in 1901).
Purification of Filterable Agents
In 1935, Stanley successfully crystalizes the tobacco mosaic virus and the filterable agents were first purified.
Bacteriophages
Discovered independently, in 1915, by Twort and, in 1917, by D’Herelle.
AIDS
Discovery
In early 1980’s, reported by some physicians in young homosexual males.
Causing Agent
In 1984, the agent causing AIDS was identified by research terms from Pasteur Institute, in France, and National Institute of Health, In USA.
HIV
In 1986, the virus was named as HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) and the disease was named as AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome).
Vaccine against HIV
Now, vaccine against HIV has been synthesized and its experimental administration in humans started in early 2001, in South Africa.
Cause of Hepatitis E
In 2001, Halbur and coworkers reveals that pig could be the source of infection of hepatitis E.
If any student finds that I have missed any date or name, please inform me in comments and I will update this key.